Scared Monkeys Discussion Forum

Current Events and Musings => Health and Medical Issues => Topic started by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 01:15:39 PM



Title: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 01:15:39 PM
http://travel.usatoday.com/destinations/dispatches/post/2012/08/pack-that-repellent-west-nile-virus-spiking-across-the-usa/825689/1
Pack that repellent: West Nile virus spiking across the USA
August 16, 2012

Texas is being hit the hardest by a surge in mosquito-borne West Nile virus cases, with Dallas' mayor declaring a state of emergency and ordering the city's first aerial spraying of insecticide in nearly five decades.

But 32 states have reported cases, the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says, and there have been at least 693 cases and 28 deaths nationwide, according to the CDC and state numbers released Tuesday. That's up from 390 cases and eight deaths last week.
Most people who are infected with the West Nile virus, 70% to 80%, never know they have it. But 20% to 30% develop West Nile fever, with headaches, fever, joint pains, vomiting or diarrhea and rash.

 ::snipping2::
The CDC notes that dengue is the most common cause of fever in travelers returning from the Caribbean, Central America, and South Central Asia. Last year, just over 1 million cases were reported to the Pan American Health Organization, including 18,321 severe dengue cases and 716 deaths with outbreaks in Paraguay, Panama, Aruba, Bahamas, and Saint Lucia. Cases have also been confirmed in Florida, where officials are considering the release of genetically modified mosquitoes to combat the problem.

Unlike those carrying malaria, dengue-infected mosquitoes - which can include the aggressive Asian tiger mosquito - are found in urban as well as rural areas. Peak biting periods are several hours after daybreak and before dark, but the mosquitoes can feed anytime during the day — indoors, in shady areas or when it's overcast.

And because there's no vaccine to prevent it, "basically, if there are bugs around, you're at risk," Dr. Susan McLellan, tropical medicine specialist at Tulane University, told USA TODAY last year. "All you can do is not get bitten."

Among the CDC's recommendations for avoiding West Nile virus, dengue and other mosquito-borne diseases:

- Use mosquito repellent containing DEET (30%-50%), picaridin (up to 15%), oil of lemon eucalyptus/PMD, or IR3535

- Wear loose, light-colored, long-sleeved shirts and pants, which can be sprayed with a repellent containing permethrin.

- Stay in air-conditioned or well-screened hotels.

-If sunscreen is needed, apply before applying insect repellent.

- If you return from a trip abroad and get sick with a fever, seek immediate medical care and tell the doctor about your recent travel.


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 04:50:37 PM
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_factsheet.htm
West Nile Virus: What You Need To Know
CDC Fact Sheet


What Is West Nile Virus?

West Nile virus (WNV) is a potentially serious illness. Experts believe WNV is established as a seasonal epidemic in North America that flares up in the summer and continues into the fall. This fact sheet contains important information that can help you recognize and prevent West Nile virus.
What Can I Do to Prevent WNV?

New! Prevention measures consist of community-based mosquito control programs that are able to reduce vector populations, personal protection measures to reduce the likelihood of being bitten by infected mosquitoes, and the underlying surveillance programs that characterize spatial/temporal patterns in risk that allow health and vector control agencies to target their interventions and resources.

The easiest and best way to avoid WNV is to prevent mosquito bites.

    When you are outdoors, use insect repellent containing an EPA-registered active ingredient. Follow the directions on the package.
    Many mosquitoes are most active at dusk and dawn. Be sure to use insect repellent and wear long sleeves and pants at these times or consider staying indoors during these hours.
    Make sure you have good screens on your windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out.
    Get rid of mosquito breeding sites by emptying standing water from flower pots, buckets and barrels. Change the water in pet dishes and replace the water in bird baths weekly. Drill holes in tire swings so water drains out. Keep children's wading pools empty and on their sides when they aren't being used.

What Are the Symptoms of WNV?

    Serious Symptoms in a Few People. About one in 150 people infected with WNV will develop severe illness. The severe symptoms can include high fever, headache, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, vision loss, numbness and paralysis. These symptoms may last several weeks, and neurological effects may be permanent.

    Milder Symptoms in Some People. Up to 20 percent of the people who become infected have symptoms such as fever, headache, and body aches, nausea, vomiting, and sometimes swollen lymph glands or a skin rash on the chest, stomach and back. Symptoms can last for as short as a few days, though even healthy people have become sick for several weeks.

    No Symptoms in Most People. Approximately 80 percent of people (about 4 out of 5) who are infected with WNV will not show any symptoms at all.

How Does West Nile Virus Spread?

    Infected Mosquitoes. Most often, WNV is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. Infected mosquitoes can then spread WNV to humans and other animals when they bite.
    Transfusions, Transplants, and Mother-to-Child. In a very small number of cases, WNV also has been spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, breastfeeding and even during pregnancy from mother to baby.
    Not through touching. WNV is not spread through casual contact such as touching or kissing a person with the virus.

How Soon Do Infected People Get Sick?

People typically develop symptoms between 3 and 14 days after they are bitten by the infected mosquito.


How Is WNV Infection Treated?


There is no specific treatment for WNV infection. In cases with milder symptoms, people experience symptoms such as fever and aches that pass on their own, although even healthy people have become sick for several weeks. In more severe cases, people usually need to go to the hospital where they can receive supportive treatment including intravenous fluids, help with breathing and nursing care.

What Should I Do if I Think I Have WNV?

Milder WNV illness improves on its own, and people do not necessarily need to seek medical attention for this infection though they may choose to do so. If you develop symptoms of severe WNV illness, such as unusually severe headaches or confusion, seek medical attention immediately. Severe WNV illness usually requires hospitalization. Pregnant women and nursing mothers are encouraged to talk to their doctor if they develop symptoms that could be WNV.

What Is the Risk of Getting Sick from WNV?

    People over 50 at higher risk to get severe illness. People over the age of 50 are more likely to develop serious symptoms of WNV if they do get sick and should take special care to avoid mosquito bites.

    Being outside means you're at risk. The more time you're outdoors, the more time you could be bitten by an infected mosquito. Pay attention to avoiding mosquito bites if you spend a lot of time outside, either working or playing.

    Risk through medical procedures is very low. All donated blood is checked for WNV before being used. The risk of getting WNV through blood transfusions and organ transplants is very small, and should not prevent people who need surgery from having it. If you have concerns, talk to your doctor.

Pregnancy and nursing do not increase risk of becoming infected with WNV.

The risk that WNV may present to a fetus or an infant infected through breastmilk is still being evaluated. Talk with your care provider if you have concerns.

What Is the CDC Doing About WNV?

CDC is working with state and local health departments and other government agencies, as well as private industry, to prepare for and prevent new cases of WNV.

Some things CDC is doing include:

    Manage and maintain ArboNET, a nation-wide electronic surveillance system where states share information about WNV and other arboviral diseases
    Support states develop and carry out improved mosquito prevention and control programs
    Developing better, faster tests to detect and diagnose WNV
    Prepare updated prevention and surveillance information for the media, the public, and health professionals
    Working with partners on the development of vaccines



If you find a dead bird: Don't handle the body with your bare hands. Contact your local health department for instructions on reporting and disposing of the body. They may tell you to dispose of the bird after they log your report.

For more information call the CDC public response hotline
at (888) 246-2675 (English), (888) 246-2857 (Español), or (866) 874-2646 (TTY)
      

Along the left hand column in the article are helpful links, including Q & A, Maps & Human Cases etc.


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 04:56:12 PM
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/mosquitorepellent.htm
What You Need to Know about Mosquito Repellent
Why You Should Use Mosquito Repellent

Insect repellent helps reduce your exposure to mosquito bites that may carry West Nile virus or other diseases, and allows you to continue to play, work, and enjoy the outdoors with a lower risk of disease.

When You Should Use Mosquito Repellent

Use repellent when you go outdoors. You should use repellent even if you're only going outside for a few minutes-it only takes one bite to get West Nile virus. Many of the mosquitoes that carry the West Nile virus bite between dusk and dawn. If you're outside during these hours pay special attention to using repellent.

Which Mosquito Repellents Work Best


A wide variety of insect repellent products are available. CDC recommends the use of products containing active ingredients which have been registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use as repellents applied to skin and clothing.

When EPA registers a repellent, they evaluate the product for efficacy and potential effects on human beings and the environment. EPA registration means that EPA does not expect a product, when used according to the instructions label, to cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment.


Of the active ingredients registered with the EPA, two have demonstrated a higher degree of efficacy in the peer-reviewed, scientific literature.* Products containing these active ingredients typically provide longer-lasting protection than others:

    DEET (Chemical Name: N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or N,N-diethly-3-methyl-benzamide)
    Picaridin (KBR 3023, Chemical Name: 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-methylpropyl ester )

Products containing these active ingredients typically provide reasonably long-lasting protection:

    Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus* or PMD (Chemical Name: para-Menthane-3,8-diol) the synthesized version of oil of lemon eucalyptus
    IR3535 (Chemical Name: 3-[N-Butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester)


Oil of lemon eucalyptus [p-menthane 3,8-diol (PMD)], a plant based repellent, is also registered with EPA. In two recent scientific publications, when oil of lemon eucalyptus was tested against mosquitoes found in the US it provided protection similar to repellents with low concentrations of DEET.


these recommendations are for domestic use in the United States. See CDC Travelers’ Health website for specific recommendations concerning protection from insects when traveling outside the United States.


In addition, certain products which contain permethrin are recommended for use on clothing, shoes, bed nets, and camping gear, and are registered with EPA for this use. Permethrin is highly effective as an insecticide and as a repellent. Permethrin-treated clothing repels and kills ticks, mosquitoes, and other arthropods and retains this effect after repeated laundering. the permethrin insecticide should be reapplied following the label instructions. Some commercial products are available pretreated with permethrin. Permethrin is not to be used directly on skin.

How Often You Should Re-apply Repellents

Follow the directions on the product you are using. Sweating or getting wet may mean that you need to re-apply more frequently.

How the Percentage of Active Ingredient in a Product Relates to Protection Time

In general, the more active ingredient (higher percentage) it has, the longer a repellent will protect you from mosquitoes. For example, DEET products are available in many formulations--something with 30% DEET will protect you longer than one with 5% DEET. You cannot directly compare the percentage of one active ingredient to another, however.


Use your common sense. Re-apply repellent if you start to get bitten and follow the label instructions.


As a “rule of thumb”:

    For many hours outside (over 3-4 hours) and/or where biting is very intense—look for a repellent containing more than 20% DEET. Products with more than 50% DEET do not offer additional protection.
    For shorter periods of time, repellents containing less than 20% DEET, the repellent currently available with 7% picaridin or one of the products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus may provide adequate protection. there are other products available, but they may not protect as long as those named here.
    Even if you’re going out for 10 minutes use a repellent —that’s long enough to get bitten!

Hint: Applying permethrin to your clothing ahead of time will give you even greater protection.


Remember—if you’re getting bitten, do something about it!


Choose a repellent that you will use consistently. Also, choose a product that will provide sufficient protection for the amount of time that you will be spending outdoors. Product labels often indicate the length of time that you can expect protection from a product. If you are concerned about using insect repellent, consult your health care provider for advice.

the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) can also provide information through a toll-free number, 1-800-858-7378 or http://npic.orst.edu.

General Considerations for Using Repellents Safely

    Always follow the instructions on the product label.
    Apply repellents only to exposed skin and/or clothing (as directed on the product label.) Do not use repellents under clothing.
    Never use repellents over cuts, wounds or irritated skin.
    Do not apply to eyes or mouth, and apply sparingly around ears. When using sprays, do not spray directly on face—spray on hands first and then apply to face.
    Do not allow children to handle the product. When using on children, apply to your own hands first and then put it on the child. You may not want to apply to children’s hands.
    Use just enough repellent to cover exposed skin and/or clothing. Heavy application and saturation are generally unnecessary for effectiveness. If biting insects do not respond to a thin film of repellent, then apply a bit more.
    After returning indoors, wash treated skin with soap and water or bathe. this is particularly important when repellents are used repeatedly in a day or on consecutive days. Also, wash treated clothing before wearing it again. (this precaution may vary with different repellents—check the product label.)
    If you or your child get a rash or other bad reaction from an insect repellent, stop using the repellent, wash the repellent off with mild soap and water, and call a local poison control center for further guidance. If you go to a doctor because of the repellent, take the repellent with you to show the doctor.

Note that the label for products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus specifies that they should not to be used on children under the age of three years.

Other than those listed above, EPA does not recommend any additional precautions for using registered repellents on pregnant or lactating women, or on children.

For additional information regarding the use of repellent on children, please see CDC’s Frequently Asked Questions about Repellent Use.


DEET-based repellents applied according to label instructions may be used along with a separate sunscreen. No data are available at this time regarding the use of other active repellent ingredients in combination with a sunscreen.


See http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/insectrp.htm for additional information on using EPA-registered repellents.

In addition to wearing repellent, you can protect yourself and your family by taking these precautions:

    Wear clothing with long pants and long sleeves while outdoors. Apply permethrin or another EPA-registered repellent to clothing, as mosquitoes may bite through thin fabric. (Remember: don't use permethrin on skin.)
    Use mosquito netting over infant carriers.
    Reduce the number of mosquitoes in your area by getting rid of containers with standing water that provide breeding places for the mosquitoes.

For more information, read What You Need to Know About West Nile Virus.

More Information about Repellents

For more information about using repellents properly please consult the EPA Web site (www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/alpha_fs.htm) or consult the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC), which is cooperatively sponsored by Oregon State University and the U.S. EPA. NPIC can be reached at http://npic.orst.edu or 1-800-858-7378.



Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 04:58:01 PM
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/qa/insect_repellent.htm
Questions and Answers


Insect Repellent Use and Safety

General Questions

Q. Why should I use insect repellent?
A. Insect repellents can help reduce exposure to mosquito bites that may carry viruses such as West Nile virus that can cause serious illness and even death. Using insect repellent allows you to continue to play and work outdoors with a reduced risk of mosquito bites.

Q. When should I use mosquito repellent?
A. Apply repellent when you are going to be outdoors. Even if you don’t notice mosquitoes there is a good chance that they are around. Many of the mosquitoes that carry West Nile virus bite between dusk and dawn. If you are outdoors around these times of the day, it is especially important to apply repellent. In many parts of the country, there are mosquitoes that also bite during the day, and some of these mosquitoes have also been found to carry West Nile virus.

Q. How often should repellent be reapplied?
A. In general you should re-apply repellent if you are being bitten by mosquitoes. Always follow the directions on the product you are using. Sweating, perspiration or getting wet may mean that you need to re-apply repellent more frequently.

Repellents containing a higher concentration (higher percentage) of active ingredient typically provide longer-lasting protection.

Q. How does mosquito repellent work?
A. Female mosquitoes bite people and animals because they need the protein found in blood to help develop their eggs. Mosquitoes are attracted to people by skin odors and carbon dioxide from breath. The active ingredients in repellents make the person unattractive for feeding. Repellents do not kill mosquitoes. Repellents are effective only at short distances from the treated surface, so you may still see mosquitoes flying nearby.

Active Ingredients (Types of Insect Repellent)

Q. Which mosquito repellents work best?
A. CDC recommends using products that have been shown to work in scientific trials and that contain active ingredients which have been registered with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use as insect repellents on skin or clothing. When EPA registers a repellent, they evaluate the product for efficacy and potential effects on human beings and the environment. EPA registration means that EPA does not expect a product, when used according to the instructions on the label, to cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment.

Of the active ingredients registered with the EPA, CDC believes that two have demonstrated a higher degree of efficacy in the peer-reviewed, scientific literature (See Publications page). Products containing these active ingredients typically provide longer-lasting protection than others:

• DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)
• Picaridin (KBR 3023)

Oil of lemon eucalyptus [active ingredient: p-menthane 3,8-diol (PMD)], a plant- based repellent, is also registered with EPA. In two recent scientific publications, when oil of lemon eucalyptus was tested against mosquitoes found in the US it provided protection similar to repellents with low concentrations of DEET.

Q. How does the percentage of active ingredient in a product relate to the amount of protection it gives?
A. Typically, the more active ingredient a product contains the longer it provides protection from mosquito bites. The concentration of different active ingredients cannot be directly compared (that is, 10% concentration of one product doesn’t mean it works exactly the same as 10% concentration of another product.)

DEET is an effective active ingredient found in many repellent products and in a variety of formulations. Based on a 2002 study (Fradin and Day, 2002. See Publications page.):

• A product containing 23.8% DEET provided an average of 5 hours of protection from mosquito bites.
• A product containing 20% DEET provided almost 4 hours of protection
• A product with 6.65% DEET provided almost 2 hours of protection
• Products with 4.75% DEET were both able to provide roughly 1 and a half hour of protection.

These examples represent results from only one study and are only included to provide a general idea of how such products may work. Actual protection will vary widely based on conditions such as temperature, perspiration, and water exposure.

Choose a repellent that provides protection for the amount of time that you will be outdoors. A product with a higher percentage of active ingredient is a good choice if you will be outdoors for several hours while a product with a lower concentration can be used if time outdoors will be limited. Simply re-apply repellent (following label instructions) if you are outdoors for a longer time than expected and start to be bitten by mosquitoes.

Q. Why does CDC recommend certain types of insect repellent?
A. CDC recommends products containing active ingredients which have been registered with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for use as insect repellents on skin or clothing.

All of the EPA-registered active ingredients have demonstrated repellency however some provide more longerlasting protection than others. Additional research reviewed by CDC suggests that repellents containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) or picaridin (KBR 3023) typically provide longer-lasting protection than the other products and oil of lemon eucalyptus (p-menthane-3,8-diol) provides longer lasting protection than other plant-based repellents. Permethrin is another long-lasting repellent that is intended for application to clothing and gear, but not directly to skin. In general, the more active ingredient (higher concentration) a repellent contains, the longer time it protects against mosquito bites.

People who are concerned about using repellents may wish to consult their health care provider for advice. The National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) can also provide information through a toll-free number, 1-800-858-7378 or npic.orst.edu

Q. How can you know which active ingredient a product contains?
A. Check the product label if you have questions-–repellents must specify their active ingredients. In some cases you will note the chemical name in addition to/instead of the “common” name:

• DEET is N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide
• Picaridin is KBR 3023, sometimes known as “Bayrepel” outside the US
• The active ingredient in oil of lemon eucalyptus is p-menthane 3,8-diol (PMD)

Q. What is permethrin?
A. Certain products which contain permethrin are recommended for use on clothing, shoes, bed nets, and camping gear, and are registered with EPA for this use. Permethrin is highly effective as an insecticide and as a repellent. Permethrin-treated clothing repels and kills ticks, mosquitoes, and other arthropods and retains this effect after repeated laundering. The permethrin insecticide should be reapplied following the label instructions. Some commercial products are available pretreated with permethrin.

Q. Where can I find these repellents?
A. Most of these repellents are sold at multiple retail, discount and drug stores. A wider selection may be available at “outdoor” stores or in hunting and camping sections. At this time picaridin is not yet registered with the state pesticide programs in NY and CA, and thus is not available in those areas.

Q. Where can I find more information about picaridin?
A. More information is available from EPA (Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Using Repellents Properly

Q. What are some general considerations to remember when using insect repellents?
A. Always follow the recommendations appearing on the product label.

• Use enough repellent to cover exposed skin or clothing. Don't apply repellent to skin that is under clothing. Heavy application is not necessary to achieve protection.
• Do not apply repellent to cuts, wounds, or irritated skin.
• After returning indoors, wash treated skin with soap and water. (This may vary depending on the product. Check the label.)
• Do not spray aerosol or pump products in enclosed areas.
• Do not spray aerosol or pump products directly to your face. Spray your hands and then rub them carefully over the face, avoiding eyes and mouth.

Q. What are some reactions to be aware of when using insect repellents?
A. Use of repellents products may cause skin reactions in rare cases. Most products also note that eye irritation can occur if product gets in the eye. If you suspect a reaction to a product, discontinue use, wash the treated skin, and call a poison control center. If product gets in the eyes flush with water and consult health care provider or poison control center. If you go to a doctor, take the product with you.

There is a national number to reach a Poison Control Center near you: 1-800-222-1222.

Children

Q. Can insect repellents be used on children?
A. Repellent products must state any age restriction. If there is none, EPA has not required a restriction on the use of the product.

According to the label, oil of lemon eucalyptus products should NOT be used on CHILDREN UNDER 3 YEARS.

In addition to EPA’s decisions about use of products on children, many consumers also look to the opinion of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). The AAP does have an opinion on the use of DEET in children (see below). AAP has not yet issued specific recommendations or opinion concerning the use of picaridin or oil of lemon eucalyptus for children. CDC will post a link to such information from the Academy when/if it becomes available.

Since it is the most widely available repellent, many people ask about the use of products containing DEET on children. No definitive studies exist in the scientific literature about what concentration of DEET is safe for children. No serious illness has been linked to the use of DEET in children when used according to manufacturer’s recommendations.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Environmental Health has updated their recommendation for use of DEET products on children in 2003, citing: "Insect repellents containing DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, also known as N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) with a concentration of 10% appear to be as safe as products with a concentration of 30% when used according to the directions on the product labels." AAP recommends that repellents with DEET should not be used on infants less than 2 months old.

Parents should choose the type and concentration of repellent to be used by taking into account the amount of time that a child will be outdoors, exposure to mosquitoes, and the risk of mosquito-transmitted disease in the area.

If you are concerned about using repellent products on children you may wish to consult a health care provider for advice or contact the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) through their toll-free number, 1-800-858-7378 or npic.orst.edu

Q. What guidelines are available for using a repellent on children?
A. Always follow the recommendations appearing on the product label when using repellent:

• When using repellent on a child, apply it to your own hands and then rub them on your child. Avoid children's eyes and mouth and use it sparingly around their ears.
• Do not apply repellent to children's hands. (Children may tend to put their hands in their mouths.)
• Do not allow young children to apply insect repellent to themselves; have an adult do it for them.
• Keep repellents out of reach of children.
• Do not apply repellent under clothing. If repellent is applied to clothing, wash treated clothing before wearing again. (May vary by product, check label for specific instructions.)

Q. How else can I protect children from mosquito bites?
A. Using repellents on the skin is not the only way to avoid mosquito bites. Children (and adults) can wear clothing with long pants and long sleeves while outdoors. DEET or other repellents such as permethrin can also be applied to clothing (but is not registered for use on skin), as mosquitoes may bite through thin fabric.

Mosquito netting can be used over infant carriers.

Finally, it may be possible to reduce the number of mosquitoes in the area by getting rid of containers with standing water that provide breeding places for mosquitoes.

Q. Can insect repellents be used by pregnant or nursing women?
A. Other than the routine precautions noted earlier, EPA does not recommend any additional precautions for using registered repellents on pregnant or lactating women. Consult your health care provider if you have questions.

Insect Repellents containing DEET and Sunscreen

Q. Can I use an insect repellent and a product containing sunscreen at the same time? What are the recomendations for combination sunscreen/insect repellent products ?
A. Yes. People can, and should, use both a sunscreen and an insect repellent when they are outdoors. Follow the instructions on the package for proper application of each product. In general, the recommendation is to apply sunscreen first, followed by repellent.

It is recommended NOT to use a single product that combines insect repellent containing DEET and sunscreen, because the instructions for use of insect repellents and use of sunscreen are different. In most situations, insect repellent does not need to be reapplied as frequently as sunscreen. While no recommendations are available at this time regarding products that combine other active ingredients and sunscreen, it is important to always follow the label on whatever product you are using.

To protect from sun exposure and insect bites, you can also wear long sleeves and long pants. You can also apply insect repellent to your clothing, rather than directly to your skin.

More Information

Q. Where can I get more information about repellents?
A. For more information about using repellents, please consult the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Web site or consult the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC), which is cooperatively sponsored by Oregon State University and the U.S. EPA. NPIC can be reached at: npic.orst.edu or 1-800-858-7378.

Some additional references are provided on our Publications page.


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 05:04:12 PM
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57493939-10391704/west-nile-virus-2012-nearly-700-confirmed-cases-25-percent-in-dallas-county/
West Nile virus 2012: Nearly 700 confirmed cases, 25 percent in Dallas county
August 15, 2012

CBS/AP) West Nile virus continues to ramp up in the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention say there have been 693 cases of the disease as of August 14, with 26 deaths.

Mayor Mike Rawlings declared a state of emergency in Dallas on Wednesday and said the city would agree to their first aerial spraying of insecticide since 1966, when more than a dozen deaths were blamed on encephalitis - irritation or swelling of the brain - due to West Nile virus.

CDC: Most cases of West Nile virus reported since 2004
Mosquitoes test positive for West Nile Virus: How to stay safe

More than 200 cases of the virus have been reported in Dallas County, and 10 people have died. In the state, there have been more than 380 cases of West Nile virus in 2012, including 16 deaths, on track to have the most cases in the state since the virus first emerged in 2002, health officials said in a statement.
More...


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 10:27:21 PM
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/us/west-nile-virus-hits-hard-in-dallas-area-and-is-seen-spreading.html
West Nile Hits Hard Around Dallas, With Fear of Its Spread
August 16, 2012

DALLAS — An outbreak of West Nile virus has engulfed Dallas County, with nearly 200 cases of human infection and 10 deaths, leading the mayor of Dallas to declare a state of emergency and to authorize the first aerial spraying of a pesticide in the city since 1966.
 The high number of infections and deaths from the mosquito-borne disease marks the nation’s worst outbreak of West Nile in a year that has already logged a record number of cases across the country. The virus has become endemic in the United States since the first outbreak in 1999.

An official with the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said the Dallas-area outbreak was probably a harbinger of a larger spread of the virus into other parts of the country. In Cook County, Ill., which includes Chicago, human cases of infection rose steadily this week, from 5 on Monday to 8 on Wednesday to 10 on Thursday, though no deaths had been reported, the authorities said.

Texas officials say the statewide death toll so far is 17, the highest number of West Nile-related fatalities of any state.

In a report, the C.D.C. said that as of Tuesday, 693 cases of infection had been reported across the country. Louisiana recorded six deaths, according to the report, and no other state had more than one.
More...


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 16, 2012, 10:44:19 PM
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec12/westnile_08-16.html
AIR DATE: Aug. 16, 2012
Texas Employs Aerial Spraying to Combat West Nile Virus Emergency
Video 8:26

Transcript at Link


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: 4 Donks on August 20, 2012, 09:12:41 AM
Every year the donks along with their routine shots get one for West Nile Virus. My thought is that if they have a vaccine for donkeys and horses why not for people.  ::MonkeyNoNo::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 20, 2012, 09:28:38 AM
Every year the donks along with their routine shots get one for West Nile Virus. My thought is that if they have a vaccine for donkeys and horses why not for people.  ::MonkeyNoNo::

I found this article and hopefully there will be a vaccine developed for humans soon, and better treatment options for those already infected. 

http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/08/west-nile-virus-hits-texas.html
West Nile virus hits Texas
August 17, 2012

There is currently no West Nile virus vaccine available for humans, although a number of candidate vaccines are being tested. DNA vaccines, engineered to include some West Nile virus proteins that provoke an immune response in humans, may be safer than vaccines made up of virus particles. There is a DNA-based West Nile vaccine for horses, but a similar vaccine is not yet approved for human use.  Scientists are also working on comparing the genetic sequences of non-lethal strains with lethal strains of WNV to determine what factors make specific strains of the virus so deadly. These findings hold promise for new vaccine development.

In addition to preventative vaccines, treatment options for West Nile viral infections are also being explored. An antiretroviral drug previously tested for use in human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infections has shown promise against WNV because the drug can cross into the central nervous system. So far, it has been shown to interact with a crucial receptor in the blood-brain barrier of mice, thereby allowing specific T-cells to attack the virus in its most lethal form, inside the human brain.


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 22, 2012, 07:00:01 PM
http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/08/cdc-says-deaths-from-west-nile-virus-jumps-to-41/1#.UDViSqDBnIU
CDC says U.S. deaths from West Nile virus jump to 43
August 22, 2012

The number of West Nile virus cases in the U.S. jumped dramatically in one week, increasing to 1,221, with 43 deaths, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said today.

The report marks a substantial increase from last week's tally of 693 cases and 26 deaths.

Approximately 75% of the cases have been in five states: Texas, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Dakota and Oklahoma, the CDC says.


Texas has been hardest hit, accounting for almost half of all cases.

As of Wednesday, 23 deaths and 640 cases had been reported there, says Christine Mann with the Texas Department of State Health Services.

"The number of West Nile cases in people has risen dramatically in the last few weeks and indicates that we are in one of the biggest West Nile virus outbreaks we have ever seen in this country," says Lyle Petersen, director of the CDC's Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases.

So far this year, 47 states have reported West Nile virus in humans, birds or mosquitoes, the CDC says. Thirty-eight states have reported cases of the human disease.
 ::snipping2::
Up to 20% of people who contract West Nile virus develop symptoms that include fever, headache, body ache, swollen lymph glands and occasionally a rash on the trunk of the body. Symptoms appear within three to 12 days and then disappear within a few days.

About 80% of people infected with the West Nile virus have no symptoms.

Of those who develop a fever, fewer than 1% develop West Nile neuroinvasive disease which causes inflammation of the brain, spinal cord or the tissue surrounding the brain. About 10% of those will die, says Marc Fischer, medical epidemiologist with CDC's mosquito borne illness division in Ft. Collins, Colo.

People older than 50 and those with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop this form.
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 23, 2012, 02:43:26 PM
http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/bayCDC-West-Nile-Virus-Worst-Ever-in-US-167214265.html
CDC: West Nile Virus Worst Ever in U.S.
Four states have reported more 65 cases within their borders. So far, California has reported at least 34 cases.

August 23, 2012

More than 1,100 people in the U.S. have been infected with the West Nile virus and at least 41 people have died, making this year’s outbreak of the mosquito-carried virus the largest since 1999, when the virus was first detected in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

Of the 1,118 cases nationwide, 34 are in California, the CDC reported. At least one person in California has died from the virus.


Extreme summer heat likely contributed to the spike in cases because the warm temperatures speed up the life cycle of the mosquito so it can go from an egg to a biting adult in five days.

The virus spreads by the bite of an infected mosquito, which has fed on an infected bird; and from mother to child during pregnancy or breast feeding, officials said. It can also spread during blood transfusions, transplants, though those instances are "very low," according to the CDC.

It cannot spread through casual contact and is not airborne.

 ::snipping2::

California’s 34 total cases were evenly split – 17 and 17 – between neuroinvasive, severe cases of the disease that affect a person’s nervous system, and nonneuroinvasive, less severe cases that do not show evidence of neuroinvasion, referred to as West Nile fever, the CDC reported.

The blood of 13 potential donors in California tested positive in preliminary tests when screen for the virus but showed no symptoms at the time they donated blood, according to the CDC.

Mississippi has the second-highest number of cases with 79, one of them fatal. Four states have reported more 65 cases within their borders.
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 23, 2012, 02:46:40 PM
http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/First-Wharton-County-death-reported-from-West-Nile-3810216.php
First Wharton County death reported from West Nile
August 23, 2012

 ::snipping2::
Texas is in the midst of its largest outbreak of West Nile ever. With more than a month to go in the season, the state is reporting 640 confirmed cases of the disease from the virus, at least 200 more than any previous year. It is reporting 23 deaths.

The greatest number of cases are occurring in the northern part of the state. Harris County is reporting 19 cases and three deaths.


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on August 29, 2012, 02:59:47 PM
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505245_162-57502735/cdc-west-nile-cases-rise-40-percent-in-1-week/
CDC: West Nile cases rise 40 percent in 1 week
August 29, 2012

West Nile virus cases are up 40 percent since last week and may rival the record years of 2002 and 2003, federal health officials said Wednesday.

So far this year, 1,590 cases of the mosquito-borne disease have been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and 66 deaths.

About half of the cases are serious illnesses, and the CDC considers those the best indicator of West Nile activity because many mild cases do not get reported and their symptoms may not even be recognized.

Typical symptoms are fever, headache and body aches, and most people get better on their own in a few days. Less than 1 percent develops neurological symptoms such as stiff necks and even coma and paralysis.

Based on reports of West Nile so far this year, "we think the numbers may come close" to those of 2002 and 2003, when nearly 3,000 severe illnesses and more than 260 deaths occurred each year, said the CDC's top expert on the disease, Dr. Lyle Petersen.

Health officials think that West Nile activity will peak in mid-to-late August, but likely will continue through October. Because symptoms can take two weeks to appear, reporting cases lags behind when people became infected.
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on September 12, 2012, 03:44:12 PM
http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/west-nile-epidemic-on-track-to-be-deadliest-ever-cdc/2012/09/12/c09bbf1e-fcea-11e1-a31e-804fccb658f9_story.html
West Nile epidemic on track to be deadliest ever: CDC
September 12, 2012

The West Nile virus epidemic in the United States this year is on track to be the deadliest ever since the mosquito-borne disease was first detected here 13 years ago, federal officials said Wednesday.

The number of severe infections, such as brain inflammation, is the highest year-to-date since 1999, when the virus was detected in New York City, according to figures released by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe infections are considered the best indicator of the epidemic’s scope because those cases are most consistently reported to health authorities. Most people who get bitten by infected mosquitoes don’t develop symptoms, and their cases don’t get reported.
 ::snipping2::
As of Tuesday, a total of 2,636 cases nationwide, including 118 deaths, had been reported to the CDC, about a 35 percent increase over the numbers reported the previous week.

Of the total cases, 1,405, or more than half, were the most severe type of infection, classified as neuroinvasive, which can include brain inflammation or polio-like paralysis of the arms or legs. About 8 to 10 percent of those people eventually die.

“If this year turns out to have the most neuroinvasive cases of any year, which is what we’re on track for, we expect this year to have the largest number of deaths of any year,” Petersen said.
 ::snipping2::
A person who gets infected with West Nile develops immunity for life. The disease is not contagious from person to person. It is only transmitted by mosquitoes who bite infected birds.

About 80 percent of people who get bitten show no symptoms at all. About 20 percent will develop West Nile fever, with symptoms that range from fever, headache and tiredness to more serious illness that requires hospitalization. About 1 percent of cases are the most severe type of infection, known as neuroinvasive, because they cause inflammation of the brain or tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord.


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: flutter1 on September 12, 2012, 04:43:18 PM
Sixth Tarrant County death attributed to West Nile virus
Posted Tuesday, Sep. 11, 2012
By Bill Miller

West Nile virus has claimed the life of a sixth Tarrant County resident, a Fort Worth man in his late 70s, county public health officials reported Tuesday. ::snipping2::

http://www.star-telegram.com/2012/09/11/4250013/sixth-tarrant-county-death-attributed.html (http://www.star-telegram.com/2012/09/11/4250013/sixth-tarrant-county-death-attributed.html)

In another story, it was reported that the number of cases reported in this area is falling, leading some to think the worst may be over for DFW.  With more rain coming in over the weekend, that is subject to change depending on how hot it gets next week and for how long.  There is still no consensus as to whether or not the spraying has actually helped to cut down on the infection rate.   ::CowboySmiley::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on September 26, 2012, 04:55:59 PM
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57520831-10391704/cdc-3545-cases-of-west-nile-virus-reported-in-u.s-so-far-this-year/
CDC: 3,545 cases of West Nile Virus reported in U.S. so far this year
September 26, 2012

(CBS News) There have been 3,545 cases of West Nile virus reported in the U.S. as of Sept. 25, according to the latest statistics released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on Wednesday. Of theses cases, 147 have proven fatal this year.

The new numbers through last week are the highest number of West Nile virus disease cases reported since September 2003.
 ::snipping2::
About 51 percent, or 1,816 cases, are classified as neuroinvasive disease or brain-related, which include meningitis or encephalitis. The remaining 1,729 cases are non-neuroinvasive. Seventy percent of the reports are coming from eight states: Mississippi, South Dakota, Michigan, California, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Illinois and Texas.

About 38 percent of the cases come from Texas alone. The virus has killed at least 43 people in the state, the most ever recorded in Texas history. More cases have been reported in 2012 than in all of 2003, and numbers are supposed to increase through mid-October.
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on September 26, 2012, 04:58:18 PM
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-rt-us-usa-health-westnilebre88p1i7-20120926,0,522004.story
Another 400 West Nile cases reported in U.S. in past week: CDC
September 26, 2012

(Reuters) - More than 400 new U.S. cases of West Nile virus emerged in the last week, in an outbreak that remains the second worst on record but has begun to show signs of slowing.

So far this year, 3,545 cases have been reported to federal health officials as of September 25, up from 3,142 reported the week before, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) said in its weekly update of outbreak data.

That marked a rise of nearly 13 percent, down considerably from a 30 percent weekly jump witnessed earlier this month.
 ::snipping2::
A total of 147 people have died from the disease, compared with 134 reported one week ago. Just over half of the cases reported to the CDC this year have been of the severe neuroinvasive form of the disease, which can lead to meningitis and encephalitis.
 ::snipping2::



Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: flutter1 on September 27, 2012, 09:36:06 AM
Tarrant County Confirms Eighth West Nile Death
By Greg Janda
Wednesday, Sep 26, 2012  |  Updated 5:40 PM CDT
View Comments
8th WNV Death in Tarrant County

 ::snipping2::

Tarrant County reported their eight West Nile virus-related death on Wednesday.

Tarrant County Public Health confirmed an eighth person has died after contracting the West Nile virus.

The latest victim was a Fort Worth man in his 50's with underlying medical conditions.

That brings the total number of North Texans who died after contracting the virus up to 35 for 2012.   ::snipping2::

http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/health/Tarrant-County-Confirms-Eighth-West-Nile-Death-171411291.html (http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/health/Tarrant-County-Confirms-Eighth-West-Nile-Death-171411291.html)

From the news reports I have heard, they are continuing with night time sprayings in certain areas of the Metroplex.  I don't know if the sprayings are actually effective or just give us some false sense of security like the old "duck and cover" drills.   ::CowboySmiley::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on October 18, 2012, 02:06:48 PM
http://www.medpagetoday.com/InfectiousDisease/GeneralInfectiousDisease/35398
West Nile Virus Outbreak Now Second Worst
By Todd Neale, Senior Staff Writer, MedPage Today
Published: October 18, 2012

The CDC has received reports of 4,531 cases of West Nile virus infection, the second highest total since the virus emerged in the U.S. in 1999 -- but this year marks a new high in reports of severe disease.
 ::snipping2::
This year, roughly half of this year's cases -- 2,293 -- involved neuroinvasive disease. The highest numbers of severe disease seen previously were 2,946 in 2002 and 2,866 in 2003.

Also this year, the virus has been associated with 183 deaths, the third highest total. The outbreaks in 2002 and 2003 claimed more (284 and 264, respectively).
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on October 25, 2012, 08:32:44 PM
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2012/10/25/west-nile-virus-deaths/1658421/
West Nile virus deaths up 19%
October 25, 2012

The mosquito-borne West Nile virus has begun to wane as winter approaches, but the number of reported cases and deaths still make this the second worst year ever in the USA.

8:00PM EDT October 25. 2012 - The number of reported deaths in this year's West Nile virus outbreak rose 19% this week to 219 nationwide, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says.

The overall number of cases was up 4% to 4,725.

A complete report of cases and deaths may not be available until "well into next year," says Marc Fischer, a medical epidemiologist who studies West Nile virus at CDC's Fort Collins, Colo., laboratory. "It takes a lot of time for them to trickle from the local doctor to the local hospital to the state health department to the CDC."

Almost 70% of the cases have been in eight states: Texas, California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Illinois, South Dakota, Michigan and Oklahoma. More than one-third were in Texas.

This year is the second worst on record for West Nile, the CDC says. It's still possible 2012 could top 2003, the nation's worst year since the virus was found here in 1999, in terms of deaths. In 2003, there were 9,862 cases with 264 deaths.
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: flutter1 on October 26, 2012, 11:50:02 AM
I wonder why TX has such a high concentration of cases?    :2thinky:


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on October 26, 2012, 01:36:49 PM
I wonder why TX has such a high concentration of cases?    :2thinky:

I think it's the result of a combination of drought, the mild winter (some areas no heavy freezes) and the heavy spring rains.  But from various articles I've read, scientists have several theories.


http://www.livescience.com/22748-why-west-nile-virus-bad.html

 ::snipping2::
Why is Dallas the epicenter?

It's not clear exactly why Dallas has had so many cases of West Nile, but there are several theories.

Like the rest of the country, Dallas experienced a mild winter, but it also had several rainstorms in the spring. Standing pools of water make the perfect breeding grounds for mosquitoes, Magori said.

Though no one has done a thorough survey of local birds, another theory is that Dallas-area flocks this year might have more young birds that have never encountered the virus. That allows more of them to become infected and then spread the disease to mosquitoes, said Erin Staples, a medical epidemiologist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Fort Collins, Colo.  Birds that were exposed in years past are immune to the disease, Staples told LiveScience.
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on November 13, 2012, 08:47:24 PM
http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/West-Nile-virus-may-have-mutated-to-more-damaging-4028448.php
West Nile virus may have mutated to more damaging strain
November 11, 2012

The West Nile virus of 2012, which has caused one of the worst outbreaks in years with more than 100 cases inside Harris County alone as of Nov. 2, may be getting worse.

According to the Washington Post, two U.S. doctors are reporting troubling trends that affect the brain.

Dr. Art Leis in Mississippi is reporting the virus damaging speech, language and thinking centers of the brain, something he hasn't seen before - and much more encephalitis.  Dr. Elizabeth Angus in Michigan tells the Post she's noticed brain damage in previously healthy patients, not just the sick and elderly.

Neurologists in Dallas also noticed more devastating encephalitis, the Post reported, but in different parts of the brain.

Marc Fischer, a CDC epidemiologist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta is not convinced of a mutation causing new types of brain damage, but that because of the sheer volume of cases means more serious cases are likely to occur.

In Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch virologist Alan Barrett said viral samples from mosquitoes and birds in the Houston area show signs of genetic changes, the Post reported.
 ::snipping2::


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on November 13, 2012, 08:49:29 PM
http://health.usnews.com/health-news/news/articles/2012/11/07/cdc-west-nile-toll-now-5054-cases-228-deaths
CDC: West Nile Toll Now 5,054 Cases, 228 Deaths
Texas the hardest hit state with 1,684 cases and 76 deaths

November 7, 2012

WEDNESDAY, Nov. 7 (HealthDay News) -- This year's West Nile virus outbreak has now reached 5,054 cases, including 228 deaths, U.S. health officials reported Wednesday.

As of Tuesday, 48 states plus the District of Columbia had reported West Nile infections in people, birds or mosquitoes. Of the 5,054 cases involving people, 51 percent were classified as neuroinvasive disease (such as meningitis or encephalitis) and 49 percent were classified as non-neuroinvasive disease.

The 5,054 cases mark the highest number reported through the beginning of November since 2003. The bulk of reported cases are from 10 states -- California, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota and Texas. The highest number of reported cases in any one state is in Texas (1,684 cases, 76 deaths), according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The best way to avoid the mosquito-borne virus is to wear insect repellent and support local programs to eradicate mosquitoes. There is no treatment for West Nile virus and no vaccine to prevent it, according to the CDC.
More...

More information:

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on December 26, 2012, 03:48:36 PM
I wonder why TX has such a high concentration of cases?    :2thinky:

http://www.kxan.com/dpp/news/texas/feds-look-for-cause-of-west-nile-surge
Feds look for cause of West Nile surge
One-third of 240 US deaths occurred in Texas

December 26, 2012

(2 pgs)

DALLAS (AP) — West Nile deaths were mounting quickly this summer as mosquitoes spread the virus across the country. The situation was especially dire in Texas, where some authorities resorted to aerial spraying for the first time in decades to curb what became one of the worst such outbreaks in U.S. history.

Nationally, more than 240 people died from the mosquito-borne illness — about a third of them in Texas.


Now with the mosquito population decimated by the cooler weather, health experts have turned their attention to learning lessons from the latest round of deadly cases. Federal health authorities are collecting data and examining potential factors, while Dallas County — the epicenter of the outbreak — has begun year-round mosquito surveillance and testing.

What remains unclear is whether experts will be able to shed light on what caused the outbreak, why parts of Texas were so severely affected and if they can forecast the next major surge in the illness.
 ::snipping2::
West Nile virus is believed to have first appeared in the U.S. in 1999 in the New York City area and then gradually spread across the country. Mosquitoes get the virus from feeding on infected birds and then spread it to people they bite. Most people infected show no symptoms, but the most severe form of the disease, called neuroinvasive, can cause a coma, convulsions, muscle weakness, paralysis and death.

The Texas Department of State Health Services reported more than 835 neuroinvasive cases this year and 86 deaths, led by Dallas County's 18 fatalities. The national death toll this year approached historic numbers from 2002, when 284 people died from the disease.

Petersen said the CDC is trying to determine what caused the latest outbreak by looking at factors such as heat, rainfall and the number of migrating birds that transmit the virus to mosquitoes. The agency is also researching the genetics of the virus to see if it may have mutated, but that doesn't seem to have happened.

Petersen added that while a warm spring with ample rainfall in North Texas was likely a factor, it's not known exactly what caused so many cases in the area.

"Probably, there was just the right combination of warmer weather and enough rainfall and probably a good dose of bad luck as well," Petersen said. "These outbreaks are subject to a fair amount of random variation."

The situation became so severe in North Texas that the state paid for aerial spraying in areas of Dallas County and nearby Denton County. Dallas County had not conducted such an operation since 1966 when encephalitis was blamed for more than a dozen deaths.
More...


Title: Re: West Nile Virus
Post by: MuffyBee on January 07, 2013, 06:56:47 PM
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/index.htm
2012 West Nile virus update: December 11

This will be the last update for 2012 until final data are available in the spring of 2013.


As of December 11, 2012, 48 states have reported West Nile virus infections in people, birds, or mosquitoes. A total of 5,387 cases of West Nile virus disease in people, including 243 deaths, have been reported to CDC. Of these, 2,734 (51%) were classified as neuroinvasive disease (such as meningitis or encephalitis) and 2,653 (49%) were classified as non-neuroinvasive disease.

The 5,387 cases reported thus far in 2012 is the highest number of West Nile virus disease cases reported to CDC through the second week in December since 2003. Eighty percent of the cases have been reported from 13 states (Texas, California, Louisiana, Illinois, Mississippi, South Dakota, Michigan, Oklahoma, Nebraska, Colorado, Arizona, Ohio, and New York) and a third of all cases have been reported from Texas.

West Nile data and maps available at above link.